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Writing is an integral part of the process of science. In the undergraduate physics curriculum, the most common place that students engage with scientific writing is in lab classes, typically through lab notebooks, reports, and proposals. There has not been much research on why and how we include writing in physics lab classes, and instructors may incorporate writing for a variety of reasons. Through a broader study of multiweek projects in advanced lab classes, we have developed a framework for thinking about and understanding the role of writing in lab classes. This framework defines and describes the breadth of goals for incorporating writing in lab classes, and is a tool we can use to begin to understand why, and subsequently how, we teach scientific writing in physics. A diagram of the framework is shown at left (click to enlarge). We have used this framework to (a) conductÌýa multiple case study analysis of the ways in which writing was implemented in three different project-based advanced lab courses and (b) investigate students' views about, and experiences with, writing in their physics lab courses.Ìý

Addressing Various Goals for Writing in Lab Classes

The framework contains 15 possible goals for writing in lab classes, organized into 5 distinct categories.Ìý

Communication: One common approach to scientific writing emphasizes that the primary purpose is for the writer to demonstrate to a reader what they know or what they did. Lab courses may have goals around helping students develop clear and effective communication skills, including being able to write a cohesive narrative about an experiment or construct a convincing argument.Ìý

Writing as professionalization (WAP): Writing is a professional activity of scientists, and many lab courses seek to teach students about discipline specific norms, practices, and skills related to written communication. Through engaging in writing in a physics lab class, students may learn and adopt professional discourse norms, practice disciplinary forms of reasoning or argumentation, and come to understand the central role that written communication plays in the process of science.

Writing to learn (WTL): A WTL approach considers writing as a tool forÌýfacilitatingÌýthinking and learning, and focuses on the process of writing rather than the final product. Instructors may engage students in reflective writing or focus on the iterative process of revising writing in order to help students learn both content and practices of physics.Ìý

Course logistics:ÌýThe practical reality of physics lab classes is that writing assignments can play a crucial role in the structure of the class, allowing students to successfully complete experiments and instructors to successfully guide and evaluate the students’ work.

Social emotional: Writing can play a role in supporting or facilitating students' personal experiences in the social environment of a lab course. Engaging in written communication may help students exercise agency over their own learning orÌýdevelop a sense of identity as a physicist.Ìý

Students' Views and Experiences of WritingÌý

Learning about, and engaging in, authentic disciplinary practices around written communication can be an important aspect of students' physics education, particularly in lab courses. In the context of project-based advanced lab courses, our research investigates students' views about the role of writing in experimental physics and their experiences with various forms of written communication in physics. From an analysis of students’ weekly reflections over the course of one semester, we find that students think about writing in a variety of ways and that the context and framing of a lab course may impact student thinking about the purpose of writing in science.

The use of lab notebooks for scientific documentation is a ubiquitous part of physics research. These records, documented in physics labs all around the world, constitute the foundational information for essentially all the published experimental results found in physics journals. Without thoughtful and thorough records of experimental progress, it is difficult to imagine physicists successfully navigating the complexities of today's research frontier. Given its importance, the skill of scientific documentation and how it is developed deserves more active consideration than it has to date. WeÌýinterviewedÌýphysics graduate students who are engaged in research in order to 1) better understand the educational experiences researchers have had in the development of their documentation skills and 2) establish recommendations for the incorporation of authentic documentation into lab courses.

How do Researchers Develop Their Documentation Practice?

In our interviews, most researchers described their experiences in undergraduate lab courses as generally not being beneficial to the development of their documentation skills. The most beneficial experiences were thoseÌýin an authentic research environment. For many, this only occurred once they had started research in their graduate programs. Furthermore, most of the researchers described receiving minimal oversight or feedback regarding the state of their documentation either from course instructors or research advisors.

Recommendations for Authentic Documentation in Lab Courses

Undergraduate lab courses are some of the earliest opportunities for students to start engaging in the practice of scientific documentation. Providing explicit training in documentation during lab courses will help to better prepare these students to maintain lab notebooks in an academic or industry research setting. However, one impediment to the inclusion of explicit training, is that it may be unclear to instructors what constitutes ''best practices'' and how those best practices can be incorporated into theÌýclass environment.

From our interviews we have synthesized the aspects of documentation that were generally found to be universal among the researchers. There are a number of broad principles that researchers employ when performing documentation. For example, being considerate of the audience for their documentation, as well as the timescale on which the documentation is referenced. Students should be encouraged to implement these kinds of principles when using notebooksÌýin their lab courses.ÌýOn the other hand, the structure and format of the researchers' notebook entries were highly variable. Thus, it is likely not fruitful to teach a specific format or template for students' notebook entries.

Additionally, for lab courses to help developÌýdocumentation skills, the lab activities themselves must be designed in a way that necessitates the use of lab notebooks to make progress on the lab activities. The researchers described this as the most beneficial way that lab courses could promote the development of this important skill. In our work, we provide a number of ways to achieve this goal.